Corona Virus, Prevention and Cure
Puerto Ricans have both immigrated and migrated to New York City. The first group of Puerto Ricans immigrated to New York City in the mid-19th century when Puerto Rico was a Spanish colony and its people Spanish subjects. The following wave of Puerto Ricans to move to New York City did so after the Spanish–American War in 1898.[1] Puerto Ricans were no longer Spanish subjects and citizens of Spain, they were now Puerto Rican citizens of an American possession and needed passports to travel to the Contiguous United States.
That was until 1917, when the United States Congress approved Jones-Shafroth Act which gave Puerto Ricans in Puerto Rico U.S. citizenship with certain limitations. Puerto Ricans living in the mainland United States however, were given full American citizenship and were allowed to seek political office in the states in which they resided. Two months later, when Congress passed the Selective Service Act, conscription was extended to the Puerto Ricans both on the island and on the mainland. It was expected that Puerto Rican men 18 years and older serve in the U.S. military[2] during World War I.[1] The Jones-Shafroth Act also allowed Puerto Ricans to travel between Puerto Rico and the U.S. mainland without the need of a passport, thereby becoming migrants. The advent of air travel was one of the principal factors that led to the largest wave of migration of Puerto Ricans to New York City in the 1950s, known as "The Great Migration". Similar to many other U.S. East Coast cities, Puerto Ricans were the first Hispanic group to move to New York City in large numbers.
From 1970 until about 1990, the city's Puerto Rican population was at its height. They represented up to 80% of the city's Hispanic community and 12% of the city's total population. At that time nearly 70% of Puerto Ricans in the US mainland lived in New York City. It wasn't until the 1990s that the percentage Puerto Ricans that made up the city's Hispanic community, and the total population as a whole started to decrease, largely due to a declining Puerto Rican population, increasingly diversifying Hispanic community, and New York City's economy rebounding after deindustrialization, which ultimately resulted in a faster growing city population and dwindling Puerto Rican influence. However, since the early 2010s, New York's Puerto Rican population started to grow again, being in the midst of another major migration wave out of Puerto Rico.
According to the 2010 census, Puerto Ricans represent 8.9 percent of New York City alone (32% of the city's Hispanic community), and 5.5% of New York State as a whole.[3] Of over a million Puerto Ricans in the state, about 70% are present in the city, with the remaining portion scattered in the city's suburbs and other major cities throughout New York State. Although Florida has received some dispersal of the population, there has been a resurgence in Puerto Rican migration to New York and New Jersey, primarily for economic and cultural considerations[4][5] – consequently, the New York City Metropolitan Area has witnessed a significant increase in its Nuyorican population, individuals in the region of Puerto Rican descent, from 1,177,430 in 2010 to a Census-estimated 1,494,670 in 2016,[6] maintaining its status by a significant margin as the most important cultural and demographic center for Puerto Ricans outside San Juan.
1 Early 19th century
2 Origins of the Puerto Rican Flag
3 World War I era
4 Tabaqueros
5 World War II and The Great Migration
5.1 Puerto Rican culture in New York
5.2 Puerto Rican music
6 1950s
7 Nuyorican Movement
8 Late 20th century and early 21st century
9 Enclaves
9.1 Puerto Rican population in New York
9.2 2010 Puerto Rican population by borough
10 Puerto Rican influence
11 Notable people who migrated to New York from Puerto Rico
12 See also
13 References
14 External links
Early 19th century
During the 19th century, commerce existed between the ports of the East Coast of the United States and the Spanish colony of Puerto Rico. Ship records show that many Puerto Ricans traveled on ships that sailed from and to the U.S. and Puerto Rico. Many of them settled in places such as New York, Connecticut, and Massachusetts. Upon the outbreak of the American Civil War, many Puerto Ricans, such as Lieutenant Augusto Rodriguez, joined the ranks of the armed forces, however since Puerto Ricans were Spanish subjects they were inscribed as Spaniards.[7] The earliest Puerto Rican enclave in New York City was in Manhattan. Most of the Puerto Ricans who moved there came from well-to-do families or were people whose economic situation could permit them the luxury of traveling from the island to New York City by way of steamship, an expensive and long trip. Amongst the first Puerto Ricans to immigrate to New York City were men and women who were exiled by the Spanish Crown for their political beliefs and struggles for the cause of Puerto Rican independence. By 1850, Puerto Rico and Cuba were the only two remaining Spanish colonies in the New World. The Spanish Crown would either imprison or banish any person who promoted the independence of these two nations.[8] Two of these exiles were Ramón Emeterio Betances and Segundo Ruiz Belvis who together founded "The Revolutionary Committee of Puerto Rico" in New York. They were the planners of the short and failed 1868 revolt against Spain in Puerto Rico known as El Grito de Lares.[9] Another prominent Puerto Rican who in 1871 immigrated to New York was Arturo Alfonso Schomburg, considered by many as the "Father of Black History". He too became a member of the "Revolutionary Committee of Puerto Rico" and was an outspoken promoter of not only the independence of Puerto Rico, but of Cuba also.
Origins of the Puerto Rican Flag
Four other Puerto Ricans who moved to New York because of political reasons were Manuel Besosa, Antonio Vélez Alvarado, Juan Ríus Rivera, and Francisco Gonzalo Marín. These four Puerto Ricans joined the Cuban Liberation Army whose headquarters was in New York City.
Some sources document Francisco Gonzalo Marín with presenting a Puerto Rican flag prototype in 1895 for adoption by the Puerto Rican Revolutionary Committee in New York City. Marín has since been credited by some with the flag's design. There is a letter written by Juan de Mata Terreforte which gives credit to Marin. The original contents of the letter in Spanish are the following:
"La adopción de la bandera cubana con los colores invertidos me fue sugerida
por el insigne patriota Francisco Gonzalo Marín en una carta que me escribió
desde Jamaica. Yo hice la proposición a los patriotas puertorriqueños que
asistieron al mitin de Chimney Hall y fue aprobada unánimemente."
Which translated in English states the following:
The adaptation of the Cuban flag with the colors inverted was suggested by the patriot Francisco Gonzalo Marín in a letter which he wrote from Jamaica. I made the proposition to various Puerto Rican patriots during a meeting at Chimney Hall and it was approved unanimously.
Puerto Rican Revolutionary Committee
(standing L-R) Manuel Besosa, Aurelio Méndez Martínez, and Sotero Figueroa (seated L-R) Juan de M. Terreforte, D. Jose Julio Henna and Roberto H. Todd
It is also believed that on June 12, 1892, Antonio Vélez Alvarado was at his apartment at 219 Twenty-Third Street in Manhattan, when he stared at a Cuban flag for a few minutes, and then took a look at the blank wall in which it was being displayed. Vélez suddenly perceived an optical illusion, in which he perceived the image of the Cuban flag with the colors in the flag's triangle and stripes inverted. Almost immediately he visited a nearby merchant, Domingo Peraza, from whom he bought some crepe paper to build a crude prototype. He later displayed his prototype in a dinner meeting at his neighbor's house, where the owner, Micaela Dalmau vda. de Carreras, had invited José Martí as a guest.
In a letter written by Maria Manuela (Mima) Besosa, the daughter of the Puerto Rican Revolutionary Committee member Manuel Besosa, she stated that she sewed the flag. This created a belief that her father could have been its designer.
Even though Marín presented the Puerto Rican Flag in New York's "Chimney Corner Hotel",[14] it may never be known who designed the current flag. What is known, however, is that on December 22, 1895, the Puerto Rican Revolutionary Committee officially adopted a design which is today the official flag of Puerto Rico.
In 1897, Antonio Mattei Lluberas, a wealthy coffee plantation owner from Yauco, visited the Puerto Rican Revolutionary Committee in New York City. There he met with Ramón Emeterio Betances, Juan de Mata Terreforte and Aurelio Méndez Martinez and together they proceeded to plan a major coup. The uprising, which became known as the Intentona de Yauco was to be directed by Betances, organized by Aurelio Mendez Mercado and the armed forces were to be commanded by General Juan Ríus Rivera from Cuba.[15] The political immigration to New York practically came to a halt in 1898 after the Spanish–American War when Puerto Rico became a possession of the United States. It is estimated that 1,800 Puerto Rican citizens (they were not American citizens until 1917) had immigrated to New York during this period.
World War I era
Cover of The San Juan News announcing the Supreme Court decision in the
Isabel Gonzalez case of 1904
In 1902, the United States Treasury Department issued new immigration guidelines
that changed the status of all Puerto Ricans to "foreigners." Isabel Gonzalez
was a young single mother who was expecting her second child. Her fiancé, who
was in New York, sent for her with the intention of getting married. When
Gonzalez arrived in New York, she and all the Puerto Ricans who were with her,
were detained in Ellis Island and denied entry. She was accused of being an
alien and as an unwed parent she was deemed as a burden to the welfare system of
the country. Gonzalez challenged the Government of the United States in the
groundbreaking case "GONZALES v. WILLIAMS' (her surname was misspelled by
immigration officials). The Supreme Court ruled that under the immigration laws
González was not an alien, and therefore could not be denied entry into New
York. It also stated that Puerto Ricans were not U.S. citizens, they were "noncitizen
nationals." Gonzalez, who became an activist on behalf of all Puerto Ricans,
paved the way for the Jones-Shafroth Act, which conferred United States
citizenship on all citizens of Puerto Rico.
In 1917, the United States entered World War I and that same year the United States Congress approved the Jones-Shafroth Act which gave Puerto Ricans U.S. citizenship. Puerto Ricans no longer needed a passport to travel to the U.S. and were allowed to seek public office in the mainland U.S.[18] The economic situation in the island was bad and continued to worsen as a result of the many hurricanes which destroyed most of its crops. Many Puerto Rican families migrated to the United States, the bulk of whom went to New York, in search of a better way of life.[16] In New York, they faced the same hardships and discrimination that earlier groups of immigrants, such as the Irish, the Italians, and the Jews, had faced before them. It was difficult for them to find well paying jobs because of the language barrier and their lack of technical working skills. The few men who found jobs worked for low salaries in factories. The women usually stayed home as housewives and tended to their children. Those who did not find jobs had the option of joining the United States Military.[19] Prior to the Jones-Shafroth Act, Puerto Ricans in the mainland United States as all other non-citizens, who were permanent residents were required to register with the Selective Service System by law and could be drafted,[20] however one of the effects of the Act was that all Puerto Ricans were now eligible for the military "draft" (conscription). One of the military units at that time was New York's U.S. 369th Infantry Regiment. Rafael Hernández was a Puerto Rican who served in the almost all Afro-American unit. The unit fought against the Germans in France and became known[by whom?] as the "Harlem Hell Fighters". Hernández, his brother Jesus and 16 other Puerto Ricans was assigned to the United States Army's Harlem Hell fighters musical band, the Orchestra Europe.
1924 Baseball Game between the San Juan BBC and Porto Rico Stars in New York
Nero Chen was one of the many Puerto Ricans who settled in East Harlem. He
became the first Puerto Rican boxer to gain acclaim when in 1917 he fought
against "Panama Joe Gans" at Harlem's Palace Casino which was located at 28 East
135th St., between Fifth and Madison Avenues, in Manhattan.[21] As evidenced by
an early 1924 poster, migrants in New York organized baseball teams which played
against each other. The poster announces a game which was held at Howard Field
in Brooklyn between two teams, the San Juan B.B.C. and the Porto Rican Stars,
made of Puerto Ricans from the East Side section of Manhattan.
As the economic situation in the United States worsened in a prelude to the
Great Depression, many Puerto Ricans in the mainland found themselves competing
with other groups for the positions of unskilled labor such as dishwashers,
maintenance and laundry workers. This led to the "Harlem Riots" of July 1926.
between unemployed Jews and Puerto Ricans. Various Puerto Rican organizations in
East Harlem, organized a media campaign to ease the tensions between the groups
involved and called upon the mayor, governor of the state to restore order and
provide protection to the area.[22]
In 1937, Oscar Garcia Rivera, Sr. (1900–1969), a native of Mayagüez and resident
of East Harlem, became the first Puerto Rican to be elected to public office in
the continental United States as a member of the New York State Assembly. A
witness of the discrimination which Puerto Ricans were subject to, he created
the "Unemployment Insurance Bill" which paved the way for the passage of bills
which established minimum hours and wages for working people, the creation of a
Wage Board within the Labor Department, and the right of employees to organize
and negotiate grievances. In 1956, he also became the first Puerto Rican to be
nominated as the Republican candidate for Justice of the City Court.
Tabaqueros
In the duration of Columbus's search for new world, he discovered tobacco.. He
then brought tobacco back to Spain and shortly after introducing it , in 1634
the tobacco monopoly emerged. Cuban tobacco farms were created immediately and
this grew to become what is known as the Habano boom. Cuba was to plant, grow
and harvest to then send it Spain where they would create cigars. From then on
cigars became very popular throughout the Caribbean, South America, and Central
America. Spain and Cuba sought the opportunity to build off on tobacco
production and took the opportunity to make the best hand rolled cigars/
factories too/ in the world.[24]
Puerto Rican Tabaquero hand rolling cigars
Tabaqueros translate to literal tobacco workers. The tobacco industry was
extremely popular but increased in popularity and manufacturing during the first
decade of the United States domination of exportation. By 1901, exportation
Puerto Rico’s shifted from importing to exporting, and cigars making began to
increase. By the 1920s, Puerto Rico the tobacco-processing industry grew thirty
times in exportation to when it began in 1901.[25] This provided thousands of
migrants with job opportunities to move to the United States in search for a
better life economically.
During this time of industrial prosperity the Puerto Rican community grew in
cities like New York City. Bernardo Vega explained in his memoir “Memoirs of
Bernardo Vega” the lifestyle of the working Puerto Rican community in New York
City more importantly the tabaquero culture. Tabaqueros were very politically
and socially involved in their community, and were successfully organized
collectively as a group.[26] Politically tabaqueros were suggested to be
socialist- oriented, and were influenced by the Jewish Workmen Circle that were
mutual aid societies of the working- class socialists.[27] These mutual aid
groups, tobacco worker’s associations were no mimic to those of already
established by other ethnic working class, mainly they were recreated
organizations that were known to the workers back on the Island. [26][27] The
life of a tabaquero was very simple during these times, but were a very
progressive working community that understood how cultural form/discrimination
could reflect political will towards the community.[28] The Tabaqueros held a
sense of pride in their work as well as their eloquent knowledge of politics and
culture, which they would learning during working hours and events of
associations like Circulo de Tabaqueros.[26] Hand rolling cigars gave pride to
the workers as they found this job to be more on the artistic side rather than
domestic. They thought of themselves more like an “artist rather than a
worker.”[29]
Cigar makers would sit in front of tables for hours and hand roll each cigar.
Since this was a very tedious process, workers would pay 15-20 cents each week
for someone to read them the newspaper or books while they worked. This was more
of a custom in the Puerto Rican cigar making factories.[29] Many newspapers and
magazines that would advocate social and political doctrines were published in
Spanish in NEW York City: Cultura Proletria an anarchist read; more
general-topics El Heraldo; La Prensa, was a daily that began to be published in
1913.[26] Mainly at this time the readers were women, that would read but women
during this time were not just reading at factories but also rolling the cigars
themselves.By the 1920 the economic depression hit the industrial industry hard.
Many cigar workers/ tabaqueros were going on strike due to pay. Tabaqueros
traditionally were known in the community for being the highest paid workers in
the Puerto Rican Community. However now with the crisis, factories began to move
and seek workers like women to take over the tabaquero skill for cheap labor.
Although through the companies that taught women the trade of tobacco, it also
dropped the price of the labor but provided an increasing growth of working
Puerto Rican women to the community. By 1920 there were 8,766 working women in
these factories just like the men.[25] Women that worked in these tobacco
factories mainly did leaf stripping and were considered to be equal in the
structural exploitation of labor as the men that worked in these factories as
well. For the unions of the tabaqueros the difference in sex/gender of the
worker did not matter in the fight against exploitation.
World War II and The Great Migration
A Puerto Rican woman working in a garment factory
Several factors contributed and led to what came to be known as "The Great
Migration" of Puerto Ricans to New York. These were the following: the Great
Depression, World War II and the advent of air travel.
The Great Depression which spread throughout the world was also felt in Puerto
Rico. Since the island's economy was and still is dependent to that of the
United States, it was to be expected that when the American banks and industries
began to fail the effect would be felt in the island. Unemployment was on the
rise as a consequence and therefore, many families fled to the mainland U.S.A.
in search of jobs.[30]
The outbreak of World War II opened the doors to many of the migrants who were
searching for jobs. Since a large portion of the male population of the U.S. was
sent to war, there was a sudden need of manpower to fulfill the jobs left
behind. Puerto Ricans, both male and female, found themselves employed in
factories and ship docks, producing both domestic and warfare goods. The new
migrants gained the knowledge and working skills which in the future would serve
them well. The military also provided a steady source of income,[8] in 1944, the
Puerto Rican WAC unit, Company 6, 2nd Battalion, 21st Regiment of the Women's
Army Auxiliary Corps, a segregated Hispanic unit, was assigned to the New York
Port of Embarkation, after their basic training at Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia.
They were assigned to work in military offices which planned the shipment of
troops around the world.[31][32]
The advent of air travel provided Puerto Ricans with an affordable and faster
way of travel to New York. The one thing that most migrants had in common was
that they wanted a better way of life than was available in Puerto Rico, and
although each held personal reasons for migrating, their decision generally was
rooted in the island's impoverished conditions as well as the public policies
that sanctioned migration.[16]
In 1948, the Migration Division of the Department of Labor of Puerto Rico opened
its office in New York City. Its mission was to mediate between the island and
the New York/Puerto Rican community, assuage the adjustment experience of new
arrivals, and generally inform them about jobs, housing and other critical
concerns.[33] It wasn't long before the Puerto Rican "Barrios" in the
Williamsburg, Bushwick, South Bronx, Spanish Harlem, and Manhattan's Lower East
Side began to resemble "Little Puerto Ricos" with their "Bodegas" (small grocery
stores) and "Piragueros" (Puerto Rican shaved ice venders) in every corner.[34]
It is estimated that from 1946 to 1950 there were 31,000 Puerto Rican migrants
each year to New York.
Puerto Rican culture in New York
A piragüero in NYC posing with his Piragua pushcart in the 1920s
Puerto Ricans began to form their own small "barrios", in The Bronx, Brooklyn
and in East Harlem (which would become known as Spanish Harlem).[35] It was in
East Harlem where the Puerto Rican migrants established a cultural life of great
vitality and sociality. They also participated in some of the sports, such as
boxing and baseball which were first introduced in the island by the American
Armed Forces after the Spanish–American War.[36]
Puerto Ricans who moved to New York not only took with them their customs,
traditions, they also took with them their piraguas, a Puerto Rican frozen
treat, shaped like a pyramid, made of shaved ice and covered with fruit flavored
syrup.[30][37] According to Holding Aloft the Banner of Ethiopia: by Winston
James, piraguas were introduced in New York by Puerto Ricans as early as 1926.
Puerto Rican music
Teatro Puerto Rico
Puerto Rican music flourished with the likes of Rafael Hernández and Pedro
Flores who formed the "Trio Borincano" and gained recognition in the city. Myrta
Silva who later joined Hernandez's "Cuarteto Victoria" also gained fame as a
singer after the group traveled and played throughout the United States.[34]
The South Bronx became a hub for Puerto Rican music. Theaters which had served
to previous groups of immigrants, such as the Irish and the Italians, for their
dramatic works or vaudeville style shows, now served the growing Puerto Rican
and Latino population with musical performances from musicians from Puerto Rico
and Latin America. Plus, the local Bronx's burgeoning Latino musicians. Among
these theaters were the historical Teatro Puerto Rico at E. 138th St. and Hunts
Point Palace in Southern Blvd. During the Teatro Puerto Rico's "golden era",
which lasted from 1947 to 1956, musician José Feliciano made his stateside
debut[38]
New York City also became the mecca for freestyle music in the 1980s, of which
Puerto Rican singer-songwriters represented an integral component.[39] Puerto
Rican influence in popular music continues in the 21st century, encompassing
major artists such as Jennifer Lopez.[40]
1950s
The third great wave of domestic migration from Puerto Rico came after World War
II. Nearly 40,000 Puerto Ricans settled in New York City in 1946, and 58,500 in
1952–53. Many soldiers who returned after World War II made use of the GI Bill
and went to college. Puerto Rican women confronted economic exploitation,
discrimination, racism, and the insecurities inherent in the migration process
on a daily basis, however they fared better than did men in the job market. The
women left their homes for the factories in record numbers.[27] By 1953, Puerto
Rican migration to New York reached its peak when 75,000 people left the
island.[8]
Ricky Martin at the annual Puerto Rican parade in New York City
Operation Bootstrap ("Operación Manos a la Obra") is the name given to the
ambitious projects which industrialized Puerto Rico in the mid-20th century
engineered by Teodoro Moscoso. The industry that was attracted did not provide
sufficient jobs. With increased population growth and displacement from
traditional labor pursuits, the growing population could not be accommodated.
Much of the surplus labor migrated to the United States. In 1948, Puerto Ricans
elected their first governor Luis Muñoz Marín, who together with his government
initiated a series of social and economic reforms with the introduction of new
programs in the island. Some of these programs met some resistance from the
American government and therefore, the local government had some trouble
implementing the same.[41] New York Mayor Robert F. Wagner, Jr. began a campaign
to recruit Puerto Rican laborers in the island to work in the city's factories.
Mayor Wagner figured that the city would benefit greatly by the luring of what
was considered to be "cheap labor".[8]
Discrimination was rampant in the United States and it was no different in New
York. As stated by Lolita Lebrón, there were signs in restaurants which read "No
dogs or Puerto Ricans allowed". The Puerto Rican Nationalist Party established
an office in New York in the 1950s and attracted many migrants. Leaders of the
party conceived a plan that would involve an attack on the Blair House with the
intention of assassinating United States President Harry S. Truman and an attack
on the House of Representatives. These events had a negative impact on the
Puerto Rican migrants. Americans viewed Puerto Ricans as anti-Americans and the
discrimination against them became even more widespread.[42]
Many Puerto Ricans were able to overcome these obstacles and became respected
members of their communities. Many such as Antonia Pantoja, established
organizations such as "ASPIRA", that helped their fellow countrymen to reach
their goals.[43]
In 1954, a group of politicians close to Carmine Gerard DeSapio, then the leader
of Tammany Hall, chose Tony Méndez to lead the eastern section of the district,
known as the 14th Assembly District. He was chosen by the group, which was also
known as the Democratic County Committee, because in those days there was no
direct election of district leaders. Plus, the influx of Puerto Ricans moving to
the 14th Assembly District, in which East Harlem is located, replaced the
members of the Italian Community who preceded them and eventually moved out.
Méndez became the first native-born Puerto Rican to become a district leader of
a major political party in New York City.[44]
The first New York Puerto Rican Day Parade, founded by Tony Méndez was held on
Sunday, April 13, 1958 in the "Barrio" in Manhattan.[44] Its first President was
Victor López and it was coordinated by José Caballero. The grand marshals were
Oscar González Suarez and Tony Méndez Esq. Prominent personalities from Puerto
Rico headed by then Governor Luis Muñoz Marín, attended the initial parade. The
parade was organized as a show of Puerto Rican pride and is a tradition which
not only continues today in the city of New York but, that has also extended to
other cities such as Chicago, Illinois and Orlando, Florida.[45] By 1960, the
United States census showed that there were well over 600,000 New Yorkers of
Puerto Rican birth or parentage. Estimates were that more than one million
Puerto Ricans had migrated during that period.[8]
Nuyorican Movement
The Nuyorican Poets Café
See also: Nuyorican
Puerto Rican writer Jesús Colón founded an intellectual movement involving
poets, writers, musicians and artists who are Puerto Rican or of Puerto Rican
descent and who live in or near New York City which became known as the
Nuyorican Movement. The phenomenon of the "Nuyoricans" came about when many
Puerto Ricans who migrated to New York City faced difficult situations and
hardships, such as racial discrimination. A "Nuyorican" subculture developed. In
1980, Puerto Rican poets Miguel Algarín, Miguel Piñero and Pedro Pietri
established the "Nuyorican Poets Café" on Manhattan's Lower East Side (236 E 3rd
Street, between Avenues B and C) which is now considered a New York
landmark.[46]
Late 20th century and early 21st century
Historical Puerto Rican population in New York City
Year Pop. ±%
1910 554 —
1920 7,364 +1229.2%
1940 61,463 +734.6%
1950 187,420 +204.9%
1960 612,574 +226.8%
1970 817,712 +33.5%
1980 860,552 +5.2%
1990 896,763 +4.2%
2000 789,172 −12.0%
2010 723,621 −8.3%
2012 730,848 +1.0%
By 1964, the Puerto Rican community made up 9.3 percent of the total New York
City's population. The Puerto Rican migrants who gained economic success began
to move away from the "Barrios" and settled in Westchester County, Staten
Island, and Long Island or moved to other cities in other states like New Jersey
(especially North Jersey which is still a part of the NYC metropolitan area),
Pennsylvania, Connecticut, and Florida, among others.[49] New immigrants from
the Dominican Republic, Mexico and South America moved into the Barrios which
were once mainly occupied by the Puerto Ricans.[50] The 1970s saw what became
known as reverse-migration. Many Puerto Ricans returned to the island to buy
homes and to invest in local businesses. Puerto Ricans have made many important
contributions to the cultural and political spheres of New York and the society
of the United States in general. They have contributed in the fields of
entertainment, the arts, music, industry, science, politics, and military.[51]
Other Puerto Ricans have moved from New York to settle in smaller cities
throughout the northeastern United States. For example, in 2009 Puerto Ricans
alone made up 29.1% of Reading, Pennsylvania's population,[52] which was over
53% Hispanic, and 25.0% of Lawrence, Massachusetts' population, which was over
70% Hispanic.[53]
Chart reflecting Puerto Rican migration in the United States circa 1980s
However, since 2006, there has been a resurgence in immigration from Puerto Rico
to New York City[54] and New Jersey, with an apparently multifactorial allure to
Puerto Ricans, primarily for economic and cultural considerations. The Census
estimate for the New York City, the city proper with the largest Puerto Rican
population by a significant margin, has increased from 723,621 in 2010, to
730,848 in 2012;[55] while New York State's Puerto Rican population was
estimated to have increased from 1,070,558 in 2010, to 1,103,067 in 2013.[56]
New York State overall has also resumed its net in-migration of Puerto Rican
Americans since 2006, a dramatic reversal from being the only state to register
a decrease in its Puerto Rican population between 1990 and 2000. The Puerto
Rican population of New York State, still the largest in the United States, is
estimated by the U.S. Census Bureau to have increased from 1,070,558 in 2010 to
1,103,067 in 2013. New York State gained more Puerto Rican migrants from Puerto
Rico as well as from elsewhere on the mainland between 2006 and 2012 than any
other state in absolute numbers.[57] Also, unlike the initial pattern of
migration several decades ago, this second Puerto Rican migration into New York
and surrounding states is being driven by movement not only into New York City
proper, but also into the city's surrounding suburban areas, such that the New
York City Metropolitan Area gained the highest number of additional Puerto Rican
Americans of any metropolitan area between 2010 and 2016, to 1,494,670 in
2016.[6]
National Puerto Rican Parade in New York City, 2005
Northern New Jersey has also received a robust influx of Puerto Rican migration
in the 21st century,[58][59] given its proximity to both New York City's and
Philadelphia's Puerto Rican establishments. Within the metropolitan area
surrounding New York City, Paterson[60] and Newark[61] in New Jersey are
important homes for Puerto Rican Americans. Jose "Joey" Torres was elected mayor
of Paterson in 2014, where he had served two prior terms as mayor as
well;[62][63] while Luis A. Quintana, born in Añasco, Puerto Rico, was sworn in
as Newark's first Latino mayor in November 2013, assuming the unexpired term of
Cory Booker, who vacated the position to become a U.S. Senator from New
Jersey.[64] However, as Puerto Ricans continue to climb the socioeconomic ladder
and achieve a greater degree of professional occupations, the community is also
purchasing homes in New Jersey's more affluent suburban towns. After Hurricane
Maria struck Puerto Rico in September 2017, devastating the infrastructure of
the island, New York State was expected to be the likeliest destination for
Puerto Rican migrants to the U.S. mainland when premised upon family ties, with
New Jersey being the third likeliest destination.[65] The 5.6 million Puerto
Ricans living stateside in 2017, were largely concentrated in Florida, NY and
NJ; 20% in Florida, 20% in New York, and 8% in New Jersey.[66]
Enclaves
Brooklyn has several neighborhoods with a Puerto Rican presence, and many of the
ethnic Puerto Rican neighborhoods in Brooklyn formed before the Puerto Rican
neighborhoods in the South Bronx because of the work demand in the Brooklyn Navy
Yard in the 1940s and 50s. Bushwick has the highest concentration of Puerto
Ricans in Brooklyn. Other neighborhoods with significant populations include
Williamsburg, East New York, Brownsville, Coney Island, Red Hook, and Sunset
Park.[67][68][69][70] In Williamsburg; Graham Avenue is nicknamed "Avenue of
Puerto Rico" because of the high density and strong ethnic enclave of Puerto
Ricans who have been living in the neighborhood since the 1950s. The Puerto
Rican Day Parade is also hosted on the avenue.
Ridgewood, Queens, also has a significant Puerto Rican population, as does the
neighboring community of Bushwick, Brooklyn.[71]
Puerto Rican neighborhoods in Manhattan include Spanish Harlem and Loisaida.[72][73]
Spanish Harlem was "Italian Harlem" from the 1880s until the 1940s.[72] By 1940,
however, the name "Spanish Harlem" was becoming widespread, and by 1950, the
area was predominately Puerto Rican and African American.[72] Loisaida is an
enclave east of Avenue A that originally comprised German, Jewish, Irish, and
Italian working class residents who lived in tenements without running water;
the German presence, already in decline, virtually ended after the General
Slocum disaster in 1904. Since them, the community has become Puerto Rican and
Latino in character, despite the "gentrification" that has affected the East
Village and the Lower East Side since the late 20th century.[73]
Staten Island has a fairly large Puerto Rican population along the North Shore,
especially in the Mariners' Harbor, Arlington, Elm Park, Graniteville, Port
Richmond, and Stapleton neighborhoods, where the population is in the 20% range.
In New York and many other cities, Puerto Ricans usually live in close proximity
with Dominicans and African Americans.[74] High concentrations of Puerto Ricans
are also present in numerous public housing developments throughout the
city.[74]
Puerto Ricans are present in large numbers throughout the Bronx, which has the
highest percentage of Puerto Ricans of any borough.[3] In some places in the
South Bronx, Spanish is the primary language.[75] Throughout the 1970s, the
South Bronx became known as the epitome of urban decay, but has since made a
recovery.[76]
Puerto Rican population in New York
As of 1990, New Yorkers of Puerto Rican descent (Nuyoricans), numbered 143,974.
Nearly 41,800 state residents (Nuyoricans) in 1990 had lived in Puerto Rico in
1985. According to the Census taken in the year 2000, Puerto Rican migrants made
up 1.2% of the total population of the United States, with a population of well
over 3 million Puerto Ricans (including those of Puerto Rican descent). If taken
into account together with the almost 4 million Puerto Ricans who are U.S.
citizens (nevertheless, excluded by the U.S. Census statistics of U.S.
population), Puerto Ricans make up about 2.5% of the total population of U.S.
citizens around the world (within and outside the U.S. mainland).[77]
2010 Puerto Rican population by borough
New York City's total Puerto Rican population was 723,621 and they represented
8.9% of the population. The Puerto Rican population and the percentage Puerto
Ricans make up of each borough, as of the 2010 census, is:[3]
Bronx – 298,921 (21.6%)
Brooklyn – 176,528 (7.0%)
Manhattan – 107,774 (6.8%)
Queens – 102,881 (4.6%)
Staten Island – 37,517 (8.0%)
Puerto Rican influence
Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, representing parts of The Bronx and Queens, is the
youngest woman ever to be elected to Congress in November 2018.
In July 1930, Puerto Rico's Department of Labor established an employment
service in New York City.[78] The Migration Division (known as the "Commonwealth
Office"), also part of Puerto Rico's Department of Labor, was created in 1948,
and by the end of the 1950s, was operating in 115 cities and towns
stateside.[79] The Department of Puerto Rican Affairs in the United States was
established in 1989 as a cabinet-level department in Puerto Rico. Currently, the
Commonwealth operates the Puerto Rico Federal Affairs Administration, which is
headquartered in Washington, D.C. and has 12 regional offices throughout the
United States.
Puerto Ricans in New York have preserved their cultural heritage by being
involved actively in the different political and social rights movements in the
United States. They founded "Aspira", a leader in the field of education, in
1961. Aspira is now one of the largest national Latino nonprofit organizations
in the United States.[80] Other educational and social organizations founded by
Puerto Ricans in New York and else where are the National Puerto Rican Coalition
in Washington, DC, the National Puerto Rican Forum, the Puerto Rican Family
Institute, Boricua College, the Center for Puerto Rican Studies of the City
University of New York at Hunter College, the Puerto Rican Legal Defense and
Education Fund, the National Conference of Puerto Rican Women, and the New York
League of Puerto Rican Women, Inc., among others.
Hostos Community College in the Bronx, was named after a Puerto Rican Eugenio
Maria de Hostos, and was founded as an all-Puerto Rican college. The college now
accepts students of all races, however it largely caters to Hispanics with up to
80% of its students being of Hispanic descent.[81] Boricua College is another
originally all-Puerto Rican college with campuses in East Williamsburg and
Manhattan.
Cultural ties between New York and Puerto Rico are strong. In September 2017,
following the immense destruction wrought upon Puerto Rico by Hurricane Maria,
New York Governor Andrew Cuomo led an aid delegation to San Juan,[82] including
engineers form the New York Power Authority to help restore Puerto Rico's
electrical grid.[83] Subsequently, on the one-year anniversary of the storm, in
September 2018, Governor Cuomo announced plans for the official New York State
memorial to honor the victims of Hurricane Maria, to be built in Battery Park
City, Manhattan, citing the deep cultural connections shared between New Yorkers
and Puerto Rican Americans.[84]
Notable people who migrated to New York from Puerto Rico
The following is a short list of Puerto Ricans who migrated to New York and
became notable in their own right:
Alvarez, Aida – former Small Business Administrator
Belen, Ivonne – movie director
Badillo, Herman – first Puerto Rican to serve in Congress
Braschi, Giannina – novelist and essayist
Judge Cabranes, Jose A. – U.S. Circuit Judge
Camacho Sr., Hector – boxer
Casals Istomin, Marta – musician
Collazo, Oscar – Puerto Rican Nationalist
Colon, Jesus – writer
Colon, Miriam – actress
Rev. Cruz, Nicky – minister
de Burgos, Julia – poet
Estavillo, Nicholas – the first Hispanic to become a three-star Chief in NYPD
Falcon. Angelo – political scientist
Ferrer, Jose – actor
Garcia Rivera Sr., Oscar – first Puerto Rican to hold public office in the
mainland USA.
Gonzalez, Isabel – paved the way for the Jones-Shafroth Act which conferred
United States citizenship on all citizens of Puerto Rico.
Holly, Maria Elena – widow of "rock n roll" pioneer Buddy Holly
Labarthe, Pedro J. – poet, journalist, essayist, and novelist
Lebron, Lolita – Puerto Rican Nationalist
Mark-Viverito, Melissa – elected Speaker of the New York City Council in January
2014.[85]
Méndez, Olga A. – New York State Senator
Méndez, Tony – The first native-born Puerto Rican to become a district leader of
a major political party in New York City
Moreno, Rita – actress
Ortiz, Carlos – boxer
Powell IV, Adam Clayton – N.Y. State Assembly member
Santiago, Herman – composer of "Why do Fools Fall in Love"
Serrano, Yolanda – HIV/AIDS activist
Schomburg, Arturo Alfonso – considered by many as the "Father of Black History".
Torres, Jose – boxer
Velazquez, Nydia – Congresswoman
Lavoe, Héctor – Singer of the singers
See also
flag New York (state) portal
flag New York City portal
flag New Jersey portal
flag Puerto Rico portal
Puerto Rico/Did you know-Puerto Rico? portal
List of Puerto Ricans
List of Stateside Puerto Ricans
Puerto Ricans in the United States (Stateside Puerto Ricans)
Nuyorican
Music of Puerto Rico
Hispanics and Latinos in New Jersey
Puerto Ricans in Philadelphia
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External links
Puerto Rican Women
Puerto Rican migration within U.S.
History Puerto Rican migration
vte
Puerto Ricans outside Puerto Rico
Incorporated United States
HawaiiIllinois (Chicago)New York (New York City)Massachusetts (Holyoke)Pennsylvania
(Philadelphia)
vte
Ethnic groups in New York City
Categories: Hispanic and Latino American culture in New York CityPuerto Rican
culture in New York CitySocial history of Puerto RicoPuerto Rican culture in the
United States by cityPuerto Rican societyEthnic groups in New York City
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